Wednesday, 28 August 2019

MORE ABOUT CHINA 2

Collecting Chinese memorabilia is something I have been doing since my early visits to the Far East. T-shirts, posters and merchandise like ornaments, coins and tokens were important possessions of mine. I was never very political growing up and people still give me odd looks when I wear the clothes even though I am not a Communist. 

I found some fascinating information recently. I had come across strange photographs of Chinese WWII prisoners in Germany, I thought I would share this article

I am 27 years old and I am still trying to learn Chinese Mandarin. All my Chinese friends could speak when I was young and I am a little bit jealous that I cannot. I think the best way to learn any language is to study Verbs, this makes writing and speaking the language easier. I also regret giving up German in 6th form. I find that learning gets more difficult as you get older, and the final exam, The Leaving Cert I thought was far too difficult for me at the time and that its difficulty should be reduced considerably by the Board of Education.

I also find lively music from the Mao Zedong era (1960's actually), and rare flags like this:



Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany

Although spared from genocide, Chinese people in Germany were still subject to large-scale and systematic persecution in Nazi Germany. Many Chinese nationals were forced to leave the country due to increased government surveillance and coercion. Especially after the start of World War II and subsequent collapse of the Sino-German Cooperation. After the Chinese declared war on Germany following the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Gestapo launched multiple mass arrests of Chinese Germans and Chinese nationals across Germany, concentrating the majority of them in Langer Morgen Labour Camp in Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg, and using them as slave labourers; many were killed by the Gestapo's torture or forced labour. By the end of World War II, the pre-war Chinese communities in Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen were all destroyed, and there was virtually no Chinese presence left in Germany.


Background


Until the end of the Cold War, the number of Chinese living in Germany, as compared to immigrants from other nations, were few, and their influence in German society was limited. Nevertheless, in the cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin, Chinese communities formed. Most of the Chinese persons who originally immigrated to Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries were sailors from Guangdong and Zhejiang. These sailors would generally go on leave upon docking in German ports; in time, Chinese communities would develop in those northers cities, such as Hamburg and Bremen. The Chinatown in the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg (around Schmuckstrasse), Chinesenviertel, eventually became the largest Chinese community in Germany. By the time the Chinese consulate was established in Hamburg in 1921, there were more than 2,000 Chinese persons residing in Germany; professional sailors aside, the vast majority of Chinese were in the catering and entertainment industries, as proprietors of Chinese restaurants, bars, cafes, and dance halls. There were also illegal establishments such as opium dens and casinos, the latter of which participated in the opium trade and weapon smuggling.


Starting from the 1920's, university graduates of Chinese origin began to emerge in Berlin, most of which has radical Left-wing politics ideology in mind. Some of them (Zhu De, Liao Chengzhi and Zhou Enlai, for instance) became prominent leaders later in Communist Party of China. Some other students joined the Communist Party of Germany, and founded a saloon called "Circle for Chinese language".


Initial persecutions


Initially the everyday life of Chinese people wasn't disturbed by the seizure of power of Nazi party. Adolf Hitler himself had praised the Chinese culture and didn't consider the Chinese as Untermensch. Nevertheless, the status of Honorary Aryan was not granted to the Chinese, in contrast to the Japanese people of the time.

However, when the suppression of the opposite exacerbated in Germany, the Chinese people in Germany, some of which held a right-wing ideology, became a target of the Nazi government. Although most of them weren't politically active, the government conducted surveillance nonetheless. The life of Chinese civilians in Germany became increasingly difficult under these circumstances. Beginning in 1936, Gestapo, local police and custom officers enforced unethical regulations on Chinatown in Hamburg. On January 25, 1938, Reich Main Security Office founded the Center for Chinese (Zentralstellefür Chinese) under the control of Reinhard Heydrich, which was dedicated to the control of Chinese population and the prevention of population growth.

Under such inhumane suppression, most of the remaining Chinese population chose to return to China, while some others chose to participate in Spanish Civil War. According to a report composed by Overseas Community Affairs Council, the entire population of remaining Chinese in Germany was reduced to 1138 before the Second World War.



虽然不受种族灭绝的影响,但德国的中国人仍然受到纳粹德国的大规模和系统性迫害。由于政府加强监视和胁迫,许多中国公民被迫离开该国。特别是在第二次世界大战开始以及随后中德合作的崩溃之后。 
一千九百四十一 年袭击珍珠港后,中国向德国宣战,盖世太保在德国多次大规模逮捕中国德国人和中国公民,将其中大部分集中在汉堡威廉斯堡的兰格摩根劳改营,并将其作为奴隶劳工;许多人被盖世
太保的酷刑或强迫劳动杀死。到第二次世界大战结束时,柏林,汉堡和不来梅的战前华人社区全部被摧毁,德国几乎没有留下任何中国人。直到冷战结束,与来自其他国家的移民相比,生活在德国的中国人
数量很少,他们在德国社会中的影响力有限。然而,在汉堡,不来梅和柏林的城市,中国社区形成了。19世纪和20世纪最初移民到德国的大多数中国人都是来自广东和浙江的水手。这些水手一般会在德国
港口停靠时休假;随着时间的推移,华人社区将在汉堡和不来梅等北方城市发展。位于汉堡圣保利区(位于Schmuckstrasse 附近)的唐人街,Chinesenviertel,最终成为德国最大的华人社区。当中国领
事馆于一千九百二十一 年在汉堡成立时,有超过两千名中国人居住在德国;除了专业水手外,绝大多数中国人都是餐饮娱乐业,中国餐馆,酒吧,咖啡馆和歌舞厅的所有者。还有非法设施,如鸦片窝点和赌
场,后者参与了鸦片贸易和武器走私活动。最初,中国人民的日常生活并未受到纳粹党夺取政权的干扰。阿道夫希特勒本人对中国文化赞不绝口,并没有把中国人视为 Untermensch。然而,与当时的日本
人不同,荣誉雅利安人的地位没有给予中国人。然而,当德国对抗的压制加剧时,德国的中国人民(其中一些人持有右翼意识形态)成为纳粹政府的目标。虽然他们中的大多数人没有政治活动,但政府仍然进
行了监视。在这种情况下,德国中国平民的生活变得越来越困难。从一千九百三十六年开始,盖世太保,当地警察和海关官员对汉堡的唐人街实施了不道德的规定。 一千九百八十八年1月25日,帝国主要安
全办公室在 Reinhard Heydrich 的控制下成立了中国中(Zentralstellefür Chinese),该中心致力于控制中国人口和防止人口增长。在这种不人道的镇压下,大多数剩余的中国人选择返回中国,而


其他一些人则选择参加西班牙内战。根据海外社区事务委员会编写的一份报告,在第二次世界大战前,德国剩余的中国人口减少到一千一百三十八人

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